The problem of improper disposal of polymeric waste is increasingly in present. Thus, the use of biodegradable polymers is a good alternative, especially for packaging. Compostable and biodegradable polymers such as PHBV can be completely degraded, making them ideal. But the short processability window and fluid instability is an important drawback to the wider application of this polymer in pure form. Production of composite materials has been indicated as a possibility for using this polymer. One source of filler is cellulose, because besides being widely available from agroindustrial waste. In this context, the present work reports the formulation of rigid packaging with PHBV and cellulose waste. An analytical mill was used to promote the dispersion of cellulose fibers. In general, the cellulose fibers increased the Vicat softening point of the polymeric matrix. There were more crystalline structures, according to DSC, and a decrease in impact strength, probably due to increased crystallinity and agglomerate formation. The microscopic analysis indicated greater surface roughness of the composite due to the increase of fibers, resulting in increased contact angle.

GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE CHEMISTRY OF DITHIOCARBAMATES, THEIR METALLIC COMPLEXES AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH IMPORTANTE ENZYMES – A BRIEF REVISION. Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) comprise a series of compounds included in the class of 1,1`dithiolates. The application of these organic molecules in the coordination chemistry of some metals is well explored in the last decades, along with their potential applications in medicinal chemistry. In view of our expertise in this field, the syntheses of new DTCS, their coordination chemistry towards various metallic cations and their biocide activities, we summarize in this manuscript the outcomes of some investigations registered in the literature, involving the interactions of DTCs or their complexes with some key enzymes such as carbonic anhydrases, superoxide dismutase, urease, tyrosinase, glutathione, caspases and dehydrogenases. It is provided with a brief introduction of the chemistry of DTCs, electrochemistry, the kinetics of formation, solubility and stability towards solvation. The next topics summarize the results of some experiments concerning the inhibition of these cited enzymes effected by DTCs and some of their coordination complexes. The final remarks and conclusion of the outcomes are provided at the end of the manuscript.

Abstract Introduction Mitomycin C is a natural antibiotic that has been used to inhibit the proliferation of fibroblasts in scar tissue. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of topical Mitomycin C as an adjuvant in the endoscopic treatment of laryngotracheal stenoses. Data synthesis A systematic review of experimental or observational studies that have evaluated the treatment of laryngotracheal stenoses with the use of topical Mitomycin C was performed. Databases researched: LILACS, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science. Outcomes: resolution (symptom-free time ≥ one year), number of procedures required, and complications resulting from the procedure. A total of 15 studies (involving 387 patients) were selected. Mitomycin C was administered to every patient in 11 studies, and in 4 other studies, the patients were separated into 2 groups, 1 receiving mitomycin C, and the other not. The resolution of the stenosis evaluated in 12 studies in which the patients received mitomycin C was of 69% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 61-76%; I2 = 17.3%). A total of 52% of the patients (95%CI: 39-64%, 11 studies; I2 = 64.7%) were submitted to a single endoscopic procedure, and 48% (95%CI: 36-61%, 11 studies; I2 = 64.7%) were submitted to more than 1 procedure. Complications (mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema, dysphonia, laceration or vocal fold paralysis and acute light obstruction) were reported in 9% of the patients (95%CI: 3-18%, 9 studies; I2 = 79.8%). Conclusions The evidence suggests that mitomycin C is an effective and safe option in the endoscopic treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis.

Resumo O presente estudo aplica a tipologia bricolagem social, construtor social e engenheiro social, sugerida por Zahra, Gedajlovic, Neubaum et al. (2009), às entrevistas realizadas com avaliadores e empresários de start-ups apoiadas pela Yunus Negócios Sociais Brasil. Por meio de um estudo de caso, buscou-se identificar semelhanças e divergências entre as características dessas tipologias e a realidade desses negócios sociais, assim como aprofundar a identificação do perfil e motivações nesse processo empreendedor. Cada um desses tipos concentra características de inovação e utilização de recursos aderentes às propostas por Hayek (1945), Kirzner (1973) e Schumpeter (1942). Os negócios sociais, segundo a concepção de Muhammad Yunus (Nobel da Paz em 2006 pela criação do Grameen Bank), unificam em somente um modelo de negócio objetivos de impactos socioambientais positivos e sustentabilidade econômico-financeira, sem a distribuição de dividendos. Estes são destinados à expansão dos próprios negócios ou novas iniciativas de mesma natureza. Assim, negócios sociais maximizam a riqueza social e restringem a concentração de renda individual. Os resultados evidenciaram maior aderência ao tipo construtor social, de acordo com o empreendedor descrito na obra de Kirzner (1973). Este estudo ajudará empreendedores e investidores a compreenderem melhor os negócios sociais, auxiliando tanto no alinhamento dos modelos de negócio daqueles que querem receber apoio, quanto na decisão dos avaliadores sobre em qual negócio investir, apoiando a construção de mais estudos empíricos acerca do empreendedorismo e de negócios sociais.

Abstract This study applies the social entrepreneurs typology suggested by Zahra, Gedajlovic, Neubaum et al. (2009): Social Bricoleur, Social Builder, and Social Engineer in interviews with evaluators and start-ups supported by Yunus Social Business Brazil. A case study was conducted to identify similarities and divergences between the characteristics of these types of social entrepreneurs, exploring their profile and motivation, considering the reality of the social businesses. Each type concentrates features of innovation and utilization of resources as those proposed by Hayek (1945), Kirzner (1973) and Schumpeter (1942). Social businesses, according to Muhammad Yunus (Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for the creation of the Grameen Bank), unify in a single business model the positive socio-environmental impacts and economic-financial sustainability, without the distribution of dividends, which are intended to expand the businesses or fund new initiatives of the same nature. Thus, Social Business maximizes social wealth and restricts the concentration of individual income. The results showed that the start-ups researched have characteristics of the Social Builder type, as described in the work by Kirzner (1973). This study works as a starting point for empirical studies on entrepreneurship and social business, and helps entrepreneurs and investors guiding the first to align business models to receive funding, and investors to identify the best social business opportunity.

Resumen El presente estudio aplica la tipología sugerida por Zahra, Gedajlovic, Neubaum et al. (2009): bricolaje social, constructor social e ingeniero social a las entrevistas realizadas con evaluadores y start-ups apoyadas por Yunus Negócios Sociais Brasil (unidad brasileña ligada a Yunus Social Business Global Initiatives). Por medio de un estudio de caso, se buscó identificar semejanzas y divergencias entre las características de esas tipologías y la realidad de esos negocios sociales, así como profundizar la identificación del perfil y las motivaciones en ese proceso emprendedor. Cada uno de estos tipos concentra características de innovación y utilización de recursos que se adhieren a las propuestas de Hayek (1945), Kirzner (1973) y Schumpeter (1942). Los negocios sociales, según la concepción de Muhammad Yunus (Nobel de la Paz en 2006 por la creación del Grameen Bank), unifican en un solo modelo de negocio objetivos de impactos socioambientales positivos y sostenibilidad económico-financiera, sin la distribución de dividendos. Estos se destinan a la expansión de los propios negocios o nuevas iniciativas de la misma naturaleza. Así, los negocios sociales maximizan la riqueza social y restringen la concentración de la renta individual. En el contexto del complejo concepto de emprendimiento social, los resultados evidenciaron mayor adhesión al tipo constructor social, de acuerdo con el emprendedor descrito en la obra de Kirzner (1973). Este estudio ayudará a los emprendedores e inversores a comprender mejor los negocios sociales al colaborar tanto en la alineación de los modelos de negocio de aquellos que quieren recibir apoyo, como en la decisión de los evaluadores sobre en qué negocio invertir, y apoyará la elaboración de más estudios empíricos sobre la iniciativa empresarial y los negocios sociales.

Abstract Olive production (Olea europaea L.) is a recent activity in Brazil and studies on the adaptability of olive trees varieties in the States are required. One of the problems that can hamper the development of olive trees is the incidence of pests, such as scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha). In this study, the associated scale insect species were found in ten varieties in an olive grove located at the Research Center of the Serra do Sudeste Region (30º33’15”S, 52º23’45”W) in Brazil. The surveys were carried out twice in each season (2013-2014). Six species of armored scale insect (Diaspididae) and two soft scales (Coccidae) were determined. Saissetia oleae (Coccidae) with 88.15% and Aspidiotus nerii (Diaspididae) with 5.85% occurred in all varieties of olive trees. The varieties Arbequina, Frantoio and Cipressino were with greater richness of scale insects, the highest values of diversity occurred in Frantoio, Arbequina and Picual; in Alfafara, Arbosana and Coratina there was a high dominance of one species (S. oleae).

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a temperatura base da chicória e aplicá-la na análise fenológica da cultura, durante quatro períodos de cultivo. O trabalho foi realizado com a cultura da chicória (Chicorium endivia) cultivar Escarola Lisa, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus Frederico Westphalen-RS. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro períodos de cultivo (P1: 15/2/2015; P2: 29/04/2015, P3: 22/07/2015, P4: 16/10/2015) em 10 repetições, com uma planta por repetição. As avaliações consistiram da contagem do número de folhas, realizada três vezes por semana após transplante até o ponto de colheita. Para determinação de temperatura base utilizaram-se os métodos desvio padrão em graus dias (DPgd), desvio padrão em dias (DPd), coeficiente da variação em graus dias (CVgd), coeficiente de variação em dias (CVd), coeficiente de regressão (CR), X-intercepto. Desta forma, a temperatura base para emissão de duas folhas sucessivas na escarola é de 4,7°C, obtida através dos valores de 4,0 e 5,5°C, observados nos métodos DPgd e CR. Para a emissão de duas folhas é necessário entre 16,6 e 27,8°C dia folha-1.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the base temperature of escarole and to apply in the phenological analysis of crop during four growing periods. The study was carried out with escarole (Chicorium endivia) ‘Escarola Lisa’ cultivar, at the Federal University of Santa Maria, campus Frederico Westphalen-RS. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with four sowing periods (P1: 2/15/2015; P2: 04/29/2015, P3: 07/22/2015, P4: 10/16/2015) and 10 replicates, each replicate being one plant. The evaluations consisted of counting the number of leaves, performed three times a week after transplanting date until the harvesting point. To determine the base temperature, the following methods were used: standard deviation in degree-days (SDgd), standard deviation in days (SDd), coefficient of variation in degree-days (CVgd), coefficient of variation in days (CVd), regression coefficient (RC) and X-intercept. The base temperature for emission of two successive leaves in the escarole is 4.7°C, obtained by values of 4.0 and 5.5°C, observed in the SDgd and RC methods. For two leaves emission, the temperature between 16.6 and 27.8°C day leaf-1 is necessary.

Food security has become a major concern of the world population and this is even more prominence in polluted areas. This study aimed to evaluate microbiological and toxic elements content of local food itens from Santo Amaro, Bahia. The determination of lead, cadmium, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliform were carried out in coriander, cassava, okra, chicken muscle/liver, fish muscle and eggs. The population of total coliform and E. coli were estimated by the express count method using plates EC (AOAC 991.14) and accounting of colonies by colony counter. For toxic elements determination samples were digested using HNO3 and H2O2 following EPA 200.3 using a digester block with cold fingers. The determination of lead and cadmium was performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometery (ICP OES). The mean total coliform has ranged from < 1 to 4.5 log CFU g-1. Coriander presented higher mean total coliform (4.5 log CFU g-1) and E. coli was higher than recommended levels. The range of toxic elements revealed higher concentrations of lead in chicken muscle (1.25-11.58 mg kg-1) and cadmium in eggs (0.45-1.06 mg kg-1). Finally, the risk to the inhabitants of Santo Amaro was evident and reinforces the importance of effective actions of local authorities.

<p>Botrytis blight or gray mold is a highly destructive disease caused by <italic>Botrytis</italic> spp., that infects flowers, trees vegetables, fruit, especially grapevines and strawberry. Three new compounds with general formula (A)₂[Zn(4-FC₆H₄SO₂N=CS₂)₂], where A = PPh₃CH₃ (<bold>2a</bold>), PPh₃C₂H₅ (<bold>2b</bold>), PPh₃C₄H₉ (<bold>2c</bold>), and the previously published compounds where A = PPh₄ (<bold>2d</bold>) and NBu₄ (<bold>2e</bold>), were synthesized by the reaction of 4-fluorophenylsulfonyldithiocarbimate potassium dihydrate and zinc(II) acetate dihydrate with the appropriate counter cations (A) halides. The new compounds were characterized by infrared, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopies. All these salts inhibited the growth of <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>, with compounds <bold>2c</bold> and <bold>2d</bold> showing greater antifungal activity than zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, the active principle of the fungicide Ziram. The bis(dithiocarbimate)zincate(II) salts are also active against the bacteria <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> and <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>.</p>

Os objetivos neste trabalho foram testar a homogeneidade, recalcular a média climatológica e determinar possíveis tendências e variabilidade interanual e interdecadal na série histórica secular mensal e sazonal de brilho solar, em Santa Maria - RS. Os dados de brilho solar foram obtidos na Estação Climatológica Principal (ECP) do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (8o DISME), no período de 1912 a 2011. Foram usados os testes de Sequência, de Mann-Kendall e Pettitt para análise de homogeneidade e tendência, respectivamente. As séries históricas na escala mensal e sazonal são estacionárias e homogêneas, exceto para o mês de dezembro e para a estação de outono. Há variabilidade interanual e interdecadal nas séries, devido aos fenômenos El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) e da Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (ODP), com sinal marcante da fase fria de ambos os fenômenos, que aumentam o brilho solar, principalmente nos meses de outubro e novembro (primavera).

The objectives of this study were to test homogeneity, to recalculate the climatology and to detect possible trends, interannual and interdecadal variations in seasonal and monthly secular-historical series of sunshine-duration in Santa Maria-RS, Brazil. Sunshine-duration data were measured at the meteorological station of the Brazilian National Weather Service (8º DISME/ INMET), within the period of 1912 to 2011. The Mann-Kendall and Pettitt tests were used to analyze data homogeneity and trending, respectively. It was observed that monthly and seasonal secular-historical series of sunshine-duration are stationary and homogeneous, except for December and fall season. Moreover, interannual and interdecadal variability were related to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), with signal from the cold phase of both phenomena, which increases sunshine duration mainly during spring (October and November).

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os fatores de risco associados às práticas de manejo e tratamento de mastite e a resistência aos antimicrobianos de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de vacas com mastite. Foram selecionados para o presente estudo 13 rebanhos localizados na região de Pirassununga/SP. Foi aplicado um questionário contendo informações para o levantamento de fatores de risco relacionados à resistência aos antimicrobianos e às práticas de manejo e tratamento de mastite. Após a seleção dos rebanhos e aplicação dos questionários, foram utilizados 210 isolados de S. aureus de amostras compostas de leite coletadas durante 24 meses, em quatro períodos, para realização dos testes de resistência. Os antimicrobianos testados foram: ampicilina 10µg, clindamicina 2µg, penicilina 1µg, eftiofour 30µg, gentamicina 10µg, sulfatrimetropin 25µg, enrofloxacina 5µg, sulfonamida 300µg, tetraciclina 30µg, oxacilina 1µg, cefalotina 30µg e eritromicina 5µg. As variáveis que foram significativamente associadas à resistência de S. aureus foram: o tratamento da mastite clínica para ampicilina (OR = 2,18), o tratamento da vaca seca para enrofloxacina (OR=2,11), e o não envio de amostras de leite para a cultura microbiológica e testes de sensibilidade, para ampicilina (OR=2,57) e penicilina (OR=4,69). Em conclusão, a identificação dos fatores de risco para a resistência S. aureus frente aos principais agentes antimicrobianos, utilizados para tratamento da mastite, pode auxiliar o estabelecimento do uso prudente de antimicrobianos na produção de leite.

The objective of this study was to evaluate herd management practices and mastitis treatment procedures as risk factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial resistance. For this study, 13 herds were selected to participate in the study to evaluate the association between their management practices and mastitis treatment procedures and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 1069 composite milk samples were collected aseptically from the selected cows in four different periods over two years. The samples were used for microbiological culturing of S. aureus isolates and evaluation of their antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 756 samples (70.7%) were culture-positive, and S. aureus comprised 27.77% (n=210) of the isolates. The S. aureus isolates were tested using the disk-diffusion susceptibility assay with the following antimicrobials: ampicillin 10mg; clindamycin 2μg; penicillin 1mg; ceftiofur 30μg; gentamicin 10mg; sulfa-trimethoprim 25μg; enrofloxacin 5μg; sulfonamide 300μg; tetracycline 30μg; oxacillin 1mg; cephalothin 30μg and erythromycin 5μg. The variables that were significantly associated with S. aureus resistance were as follows: the treatment of clinical mastitis for ampicillin (OR=2.18), dry cow treatment for enrofloxacin (OR=2.11) and not sending milk samples for microbiological culture and susceptibility tests, for ampicillin (OR=2.57) and penicillin (OR=4.69). In conclusion, the identification of risk factors for S. aureus resistance against various mastitis antimicrobials is an important information that may help in practical recommendations for prudent use of antimicrobial in milk production.

Muitas são as lacunas referentes à avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de espécies olerícolas, dentre essas a salsa. Nesse contexto, o teste de envelhecimento acelerado é reconhecido como um dos mais difundidos para a avaliação do vigor das sementes de várias espécies cultivadas, sendo capaz de proporcionar informações com alto grau de consistência. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a metodologia do teste de envelhecimento acelerado para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de salsa, bem como, verificar a possibilidade do uso de soluções de NaCl como alternativas para o controle da velocidade e intensidade de absorção de água pelas sementes durante a realização do teste, sem reduzir sua sensibilidade. Quatro lotes de sementes foram submetidos aos testes de germinação, emergência de plântulas e envelhecimento acelerado, empregando-se os períodos de envelhecimento de 48, 72 e 96 h (tradicional e com o uso de soluções de NaCl). A utilização de solução não saturada de NaCl diminui a velocidade de absorção de água pelas sementes de salsa durante o teste de envelhecimento acelerado, acarretando redução da taxa de deterioração e resultados mais uniformes. A exposição por 48 h, utilizando solução salina saturada constitui opção promissora para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico das sementes.

There are many gaps for the assessment of seed vigor in vegetable crops, among these the parsley. In this context, the accelerated aging test is recognized as one of the most widely used to evaluate seed physiological potential of various crop species, being able to provide information with a high degree of consistency. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the methodology of accelerated aging test to check parsley seed vigor, as well as verify the possibility of using NaCl solutions as an alternative to control seed water uptake during the aging period without reducing test sensitivity. Four lots of parsley seeds were tested for germination, seedling emergence, and accelerated aging for 48, 72 and 96 h (traditional and NaCl solutions). The use of NaCl solutions reduces water uptake by parsley seeds during the accelerated aging test, resulting in less pronounced and drastic deterioration rates and more uniform results. The exposure of the P. sativum seeds for a period of 48 h is a promising option for the evaluation of parsley seed vigor by the accelerated aging test.

The use of antipsychotic drugs represents an important approach for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, their efficacy is limited to certain symptoms of this disorder, and they induce serious side effects. As a result, there is a strong demand for the development of new drugs, which depends on reliable animal models for pharmacological characterization. The present review discusses the face, construct, and predictive validity of classical animal models for studying the efficacy and side effects of compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia. These models are based on the properties of antipsychotics to impair the conditioned avoidance response and reverse certain behavioral changes induced by psychotomimetic drugs, such as stereotypies, hyperlocomotion, and deficit in prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Other tests, which are not specific to schizophrenia, may predict drug effects on negative and cognitive symptoms, such as deficits in social interaction and memory impairment. Regarding motor side effects, the catalepsy test predicts the liability of a drug to induce Parkinson-like syndrome, whereas vacuous chewing movements predict the liability to induce dyskinesia after chronic treatment. Despite certain limitations, these models may contribute to the development of more safe and efficacious antipsychotic drugs.

Anxiety and stress-related disorders are severe psychiatric conditions that affect performance in daily tasks and represent a high cost to public health. The initial observation of Charles Darwin that animals and human beings share similar characteristics in the expression of emotion raise the possibility of studying the mechanisms of psychiatric disorders in other mammals (mainly rodents). The development of animal models of anxiety and stress has helped to identify the pharmacological mechanisms and potential clinical effects of several drugs. Animal models of anxiety are based on conflict situations that can generate opposite motivational states induced by approach-avoidance situations. The present review revisited the main rodent models of anxiety and stress responses used worldwide. Here we defined as “ethological” the tests that assess unlearned/unpunished responses (such as the elevated plus maze, light-dark box, and open field), whereas models that involve learned/punished responses are referred to as “conditioned operant conflict tests” (such as the Vogel conflict test). We also discussed models that involve mainly classical conditioning tests (fear conditioning). Finally, we addressed the main protocols used to induce stress responses in rodents, including psychosocial (social defeat and neonatal isolation stress), physical (restraint stress), and chronic unpredictable stress.

Four new compounds with the general formula [Fe(phen)3][Zn(RSO2N=CS2)2], where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, R = 4-FC6H4 (1), 4-ClC6H4 (2), 4-BrC6H4 (3) and 4-IC6H4 (4), respectively, were obtained by the reaction of the appropriate potassium N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimate (RSO2N=CS2K2) and tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II) sulfate, with zinc(II) acetate dihydrate in dimethylformamide. The elemental analyses and the IR data were consistent with the formation of the expected complexes salts. The ¹H and 13C NMR spectra showed the signals for the cationic iron(II) complex and dithiocarbimate moieties. The molar conductance data were consistent with the 1:1 cation:anion complexes in 1-4. The antifungal activities of the compounds were tested in vitro against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

As espécies de Termitococcinae são revisadas. Esta subfamília, restrita à Região Neotropical, é composta de cinco espécies válidas, incluídas em dois gêneros: Termitococcus aster Silvestri, 1901, Termitococcus carratoi Silvestri, 1936, Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille, 1922), Eurhizococcus brevicornis (Silvestri, 1901) e Eurhizococcus colombianus Jakubski, 1965. O estudo traz a redescrição das espécies da subfamília, incluindo a caracterização morfológica dos três estágios de desenvolvimento (ninfa ambulatória, cisto e fêmea adulta). Chaves de identificação e ilustrações são também incluídas. São designados lectótipos e paralectótipos para duas espécies.

The species of Termitococcinae are revised. This subfamily, restricted to the Neotropical region, is composed of five valid species included in two genera: Termitococcus aster Silvestri, 1901, Termitococcus carratoi Silvestri, 1936, Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille, 1922), Eurhizococcus brevicornis (Silvestri, 1901), and Eurhizococcus colombianus Jakubski, 1965. The present study provides the redescription of these species, including the morphological characterization of the three stages (crawlers, cyst and adult female). Identification keys and illustrations for the species are also included. Lectotypes and paralectotypes of two species are designated.